Numerous US presidents have undergone surgical procedures during their time in office that were not shared with the public. The presidents highlighted in this work, from George Washington to Ronald Reagan, span centuries of American history and medical evolution. Written in language easy to understand for non-medical readers, this book gives insight into these surgical operations, which were often performed in secrecy or hazardous conditions. It highlights the surgeries of nine presidents, providing extensive details about the procedures and events surrounding them.    In order to contextualize each operation, the author, a surgeon, bases his writing on an extensive review of medical and surgical documents, often written by surgeons personally involved in the procedures. With this information, he illuminates the political and economic events that influenced surgical decisions over hundreds of years. The historical ramifications of these surgeries are substantiated by peer reviewed publications, original documents, and newspaper articles.